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11.21.2012

turkey science


In the spirit of Thanksgiving I bring you some turkey science. Today’s turkeys are genetically all very similar to each other. They have less genetic variation than most other domesticated animals. From Popular Science:

What’s more, the turkeys on our dinner table this week have less genetic variation than both their wild counterparts and other domesticated animals, including pigs and chickens. The lack of variance can be explained by the way Americans like their turkeys–big and huge-breasted. Variation in genes that code for those traits can lead to more scraggly and therefore less appetizing turkeys.

To figure this out, SI scientists sequenced the full genomes of birds from seven different commercial turkey-breeding lines, as well as the genomes of three south Mexican turkeys collected in 1899. Those turkeys’ DNA was extracted at the National Zoo from samples stored in the Smithsonian’s collections. Fleischer said the museum specimens worked surprisingly well. This will help geneticists nail down the genes involved in turkey domestication and enfattening.

09.28.2012

sars-like virus has bat origins

Genomic sequencing  of a SARS-like virus suggests retlation to a virus that is known to infect bats. From NPR news:

Dutch virologists have just published the whole genome of the new coronavirus — all 30,118 letters of its code. And, the sequence reveals that the mystery virus is most closely related to coronaviruses that infect bats in Southeast Asia.

In fact, the pathogen is more similar to two bat viruses than it is to the human SARS virus that sent the world into a panic when it infected nearly 8,000 people in 2003.

Virologist Ron Fouchier, who has done controversial work on bird flu viruses, led the sequencing effort of the SARS-like virus. He tells Shots the results suggest that the new coronavirus virus came from bats. “Bats harbor many coronaviruses, so it’s logical to assume that bats are the natural reservoir” of the new pathogen, he says.

“But this doesn’t mean the Saudi man contracted the virus from bats,” says Fouchier.

When viruses jump from animals to humans, there’s usually a second animal that connects the natural carrier with humans. This species is called the amplifier because it increases the number of viral particles that can hop over into people.

04.06.2012

a big leap in autism research

Three teams of scientists have made progress identifying gene mutations that  may lead to autism. They have also found further evidence autism risk increases among older parents, especially when the father is over age 35.  Three unaffiliated groups have completed studies that are published on the website of the journal Nature  this week. From a summary of the research findings in the New York Times:

The three research teams took a similar approach, analyzing genetic material taken from blood samples of families in which parents who have no signs of autism give birth to a child who develops the disorder. This approach gives scientists the opportunity to spot the initial mutations that accompany the condition, rather than trying to work though possible genetic contributions from maternal and paternal lines. In all three studies, the researchers focused on rare genetic glitches called de novo mutations.

De novo mutations are not inherited but occur spontaneously near or during conception. Most people have at least one, and the majority of them are harmless.

In one of the new studies, Dr. Matthew W. State, a professor of genetics and child psychiatry at Yale, led a team that looked for de novo mutations in 200 people who had been given an autism diagnosis, as well as in parents and siblings who showed no signs of the disorder. The team found that two unrelated children with autism in the study had de novo mutations in the same gene — and nothing similar in those without a diagnosis.

“That is like throwing a dart at a dart board with 21,000 spots and hitting the same one twice,” Dr. State said. “The chances that this gene is related to autism risk is something like 99.9999 percent.”

More here. [New York Times]

“De novo mutations revealed by whole-exome sequencing are strongly associated with autism” [Nature, abstract available]


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